Cisco Discovery 3 Module 5 Course Curriculum Picture Descriptions Module 5.0 ? Chapter Introduction 5.0.1 ? Introduction Slideshow, 5 slides Slide 1 Workers today collaborate communicate and interact within large companies with complex networks. Slide 2 Network engineers design enterprise networks to provide reliable high-speed communication channels between remote sites. Slide 3 Data moves through the enterprise hierarchy based on the IP address of the remote network. Slide 4 Routing protocols continually exchange information on the best path through the network. Slide 5 After completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast a flat network and a hierarchical routed topology. Configure a network using RIPv2. Describe and plan a network using EIGRP. Design and configure a network using EIGRP. 5.1 - Managing Enterprise Networks 5.1.1 - Enterprise Networks Two Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The image shows several enterprise networks and some of the features they may have, such as connections for mobile workers and branch offices as well as connected to corporate offices which all connect to the internet in a hierarchical topology. Diagram 2, Image Image shows a corporate network where routers are used to control traffic flows between DMZs, server farms and the internet. One worker sitting at his workstation thinks to himself ?My data connection is very fast!? whilst another working sitting at her workstation is thinking ?The quality of this VoIP call is really good!? A sinister looking character trying to access the network via the internet thinks to himself ?Why can I not get into this network?? 5.1.2 - Enterprise Topologies Four Diagrams Diagram 1, Animation The routers at Head Office are connected in Star topology and are connected to a core router. One of the routers on the edge of this topology connects to Branch 1 and Branch 2 who networks are also organised in a star topology. Diagram 2, Animation Router (R5) connects to four routers named R1 to R4 in a star topology. The animation shows that all the edge routers of the star topology begin to interconnect (partial Mesh) until each of the routers has a connection to all of the other routers. This topology has become a full mesh topology. Diagram 3, Animation Image shows a large meshed network topology with the Internet at its core. This network is able to adapt to constant changes. Diagram 4, Hands-on Lab 5.1.3 - Static and Dynamic Routing Five Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The image shows a small network, a host is connected to a switch with the network address of 192.168.1.0/24. This switch is also connected to the Fa0/0 port of a router with the network address of 192.168.2.0/24. This router is then connected to a second router via a serial link from its S0/0/0 port with the address 192.168.2.1/24 to the S0/0/0 port of the second router which has the address 192.168.2.2/24. The second router is connected to two hosts via Fa0/0 with the network address 192.168.3.0/24 and Fa0/1 with the network address 192.168.4.0/24. When the show IP route command is entered on the first router the following information is shown: R1#show ip route Codes:C ? connected, S ? static, I ? IGRP, R ? RIP, M ? Mobile, B ? BGP D ? EIGRP, EX ? EIGRP, external, O ? OSPF, IA ? OPSF inter area N1 OSPF NSSA external true 1, N2 ? OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ? OSPF external type 1, E2 ? OSPF external type 2 i ? IS-IS, su ? IS-IS summary, L1 ? IS-IS level-1, L2 ? IS-IS level-2, ia ? IS-IS inter area, star ? candidate default, U ? per-user static route o ? ODR, P ? periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:26, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2 Routing Information Source: This indicates how the route was learned. Routes might be directly connected, manually entered or learned from a dynamic routing protocol. Destination Network Address and Subnet Mask: This is the address and subnet mask of the destination network. Next Hop: This is the address of the interface on the next router. The information forwarded to this interface moves closer to its final destination. Exit Interface: This is the exit interface on the router used to move information closer to the final destination. Administrative Distance and Hop Count: This is the administrative distance and metric associated with the route. The administrative distance represents the accuracy or trustworthiness of the metric used for cost calculations. The metric is the value used to calculate the cost to reach the destination. Diagram 2, Image Host (H2) is connected to a switch with the network address 172.16.1.0/24. This switch is connected to a routers Fa0/0 port with the address 172.16.1.1/24. The before mentioned router is connect via a serial connection from its port S0/0/1 with the address 172.16.2.2/24 to the S0/0/0 port of router (R1) with the address 172.16.2.1/24. R1 is then connected to a switch from its Fa0/0 port with the address 172.16.3.1/24. The switch is then connected to Host (H1). The first router is connected to a third router from its S0/0/1 port with the address 192.168.1.2/24 to the third routers S0/0/1 port with the address 192.168.1.1/24. This third router is connected to a switch on its Fa0/0 port with the address 192.168.2.1/24. The switch is connected to host H3. R1#show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/16 is subnetted, 3 subnets R 172.16.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:07, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:07, Serial0/0/0 S 192.168.2.0/14 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2 Connected C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 Static S 192.168.2.0/14 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2 Dynamic R 172.16.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:07, Serial0/0/0 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:07, Serial0/0/0 Diagram 3, Packet Tracer Exploration Diagram 4, Image Image shows the topology of a small enterprise network. The ISP Router (cloud) connects to the enterprise router via a static route. The enterprise edge router also connects to 3 internal routers, on of which is connected to a stub network. Static routes are used on stub networks. Diagram 5, Tabular Configuration Complexity Static Routing: increase with network size. Dynamic Routing: generally independent of the network size. Topology Changes Static Routing: administrator intervention required Dynamic Routing: automatically adapts to topology changes Scaling Static Routing: suitable for simple topologies Dynamic Routing: suitable for simple and complex topologies Security Static Routing: more secure Dynamic Routing: less secure Resource Usage Static Routing: no extra resources needs Dynamic Routing: user CPU, memory, link bandwidth Predictability Static Routing: route to destination is always the same Dynamic Routing: route depends on the current topology 5.1.4 - Configuring Static Routes Five Diagrams Diagram 1, Image A host is connected to a switch, which is connected to router R1 on the 192.168.1.0 network. R1 is connected via its S0/0/0 port with the address 192.168.2.1 to router R2?s S0/0/1 port with the address 192.168.2.2. R2 is connected to a switch, which is also connected to a host on the 192.168.3.0 network. Exit Interface R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0 Next Hop Address R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 Diagram 2, Animation The network displayed in the animation shows a host (H1) with the address 192.168.1.5 connected to a switch connected to router R1. R1 is connected via its S0/0/0 port with the address 192.168.2.1/24 to router R2 with the address 192.168.2.2/24. R2 is connected to a switch, which is then connected to host H2 on the address 192.168.3.8. The network between H1 and R1 is 192.168.1.0/24 and the network between R2 and H2 is 192.168.3.0/24. Router R1s routing table when the static route is set as an Exit Interface Route is as following: R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 In the animation when H1 sends a packet to H2. When the packet reaches R1, R1 searches its routing table. When it finds the static route within the routing table, S 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0, it then knows what port the packet is to be sent out of and forwards to H2 via that port. Router R1s routing table when the static route is set as a Next Hop Interface Route is as following: R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:26, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2 In the animation when H1 sends a packet to H2. When the packet reaches R1, R1 searches its routing table. When it finds the static route within the routing table, S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2, it then recycles through the routing table until its finds which port is connected via the 192.168.2.0 network. Diagram 3, Tabular Route that can be summarised: 172.16.4.0 Summary Boundary /22 10101100.00010000.000001|00.00000000 Route that can be summarised: 172.16.5.0 Summary Boundary /22 10101100.00010000.000001|01.00000000 Route that can be summarised: 172.16.6.0 Summary Boundary /22 10101100.00010000.000001|10.00000000 Route that can be summarised: 172.16.7.0 Summary Boundary /22 10101100.00010000.000001|11.00000000 The above routes can be summarised to one route as follows: 172.16.4.0 Subnet Mask: 255.255.252.0 Summary Boundary /22 10101100.00010000.000001|00.00000000 Summary Boundary /22 Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.111111|00.00000000 To summarise into one route: Router(config)#ip route 172.16.4.0 255.255.252.0 serial0/0/1 Diagram 4, Packet Tracer Exercise Diagram 5, Animation Four routers are connected in a ring. R1 is connected via 10.20.10.1/30 to R2s 10.20.10.2/30. R2 is connected via 10.20.20.1/30 to R3s 10.20.20.2/30. R3 is connected to R4, the network address for this connection is 10.20.40.0/30. R3 is connected to network cloud on the network 209.165.201.0/27. R1 routing table R1 209.165.201.0/27 [120/2] via 10.20.30.2 R1 - Backup Floating Static Route ip route 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224 10.20.10.2 150 In the animation R1 sends a packet to 209.165.201.0/27 using the dynamic route within its routing table. The packet is routed via R4 and then to R3 before going on to the network cloud. The link between R1 and R4 then fails. R1s routing table is then updated with the backup floating static route. R1 sends another packet to 209.165.201.0/27, its checks its routing table and sends the packet via R2, then onto R3 before going on to the network cloud. 5.1.5 - Default Routes Two Diagrams Diagram 1, Image Host H1 is connected to switch S1, which is connected to Fa0/0 of router R1, this is the stub network with the network address 172.16.2.0/24. R1, the stub router, is connected to S0/0/0 of router R2 on the network. The link from R1 to R2 is a default route; the link from R2 to R1 is a static route. R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0 R1(config)#end R1#show ip route Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 S 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 Diagram 2, Packet Tracer Exploration 5.2 ? Routing Using the RIP Protocol 5.2.1 ? Distance Vector Routing Protocol 2 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts two routers named R1 and R2 linked by a serial link. Two equations are stated, these are, ?Distance=How Far?? and ?Vector=Distance?. There is an arrow pointing in the direction of R2. R2 has a network connected and configured with the network address 172.16.3.0/24. For R1, 172.16.3.0/24 is one hop away (distance). It can be reached via S0/0/0 and through R2. Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts a balance scales with the Advantages and Disadvantages or either side of the balance scales. The advantages and disadvantages are listed below: Advantages - Simple implementation and maintenance - Low resource requirements Disadvantages - slow convergence - limited scalability - routing loops 5.2.2 ? Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Five Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts a small network. 2 routers are connected via serial link on network 192.168.2.0/24. There is a network connected to R1?s Fa0/0, with network address 192.168.1.0. Two networks are also connected to R2?s Fa0/0 and Fa0/1, 192.168.3.0 and 192.168.4.0. Output from R1?s console session is from the show ip protocols command, items of interest are: (some output omitted) Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 23 seconds Send version 1, receive any version Routing for networks: 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts the same network as in the previous image. Image contains the console output of R1. Attention is drawn to the lines that show the 2 versions of RIP being used, one is multicast, version 2 RIP, (marked with the text ?***?) the other is broadcast, Rip Version 1 (marked with ?###?) *** Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP sending V2 updates to 224.0.0.9 via FastEthernet 0/0 (192.168.1.1) Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: build update entries Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 192.168.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 192.168.4.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 R1# ### Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: sending V1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial 0/0/0 (192.168.2.1) Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP building update entries Aug 30 04:37:11:115: network 192.168.1.0 metric 1 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial 0/0/0 (192.168.2.1) Diagram 3, Image The diagram depicts three routers named R1, R2 and R3. The routers are directly connected to each other through serial links and R1 has its fast ethernet port in use and configured with the network address 10.1.0.0. The serial link between R1 and R2 is on the network address 10.2.0.0. The serial link between R2 and R3 is on the network address 10.3.0.0. R3 has its fast Ethernet port in use and is assigned the network address 10.4.0.0. All three routers send requests out all ports to all hosts connected on the network. The routers take note of the source IP address and the hop count metric used to get to the destination. On response to the request message, the router recalculates the hop count looking at the shortest path to the intended destination and forwards based on that hop count to network required. Diagram 4, Image The diagram depicts the same network as previously described in this section. The command show ip protocols is entered and executed and the output of this command is listed below: (Items of interest marked wit ?***? R1# show ip protocols Routing Protocol is RIP Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 16 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Redistributing: RIP Default version control: sending version 2, receive version 2, ***Interface Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain ***Fastethernet0/0 2 2 ***Serial0/0/0 1 2 2 Automatic network summarization is in effect Maximum path: 4 Routing for Network 192.168.1.0 192.168.4.0 Routing Information Sources Gateway Distance Last Update 192.168.2.2 120 00:00:03 Distance: default 120 Diagram 5, Activity State whether the characteristics listed are applicable to RIPv1 or RIPv2 or both. 1. Automatic route summarization 2. No authentication 3. Hop-count metric 4. Default 30 second update interval 5. Administrative distance of 120 6. Supports VLSM 7. Sends subnet mask in routing updates 8. Uses route poisoning, poison reverse, split horizon and holddowns to avoid loops. 9. Broadcast updates. 5.2.3 ? Configuring RIPv2 2 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts three routers named, R1, R2 and R3. R1 has a single network connected and the network address for this network is 192.168.10.0/24. Router R1?s serial interface connected by serial link to R2 on network address 10.10.0.0/30. R2 has a network connected to its Fast Ethernet port and this network address is 172.27.20.0/24. R2 connects to R3 via serial ports with the network address 10.10.10.4/30. Router R3 has all three of it?s Fast Ethernet ports in use with network addresses 10.20.30.0/24, 10.20.10.0/24 and 10.20.20.0/24. Diagram 2, Hands On Lab The diagram depicts the launch window for the hands on lab named, ?Configuring RIPv2 with VLSM and Default Route Propagation.? The lab is available for download in accessible format from the Cisco website. 5.2.4 ? Problems with RIP 5 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts three routers arranged in a triangular topology. At the top of the triangle is router R2 with a switch directly connected and a network address of 10.1.1.0/16 assigned. Router R2?s two serial ports are in use and are connected by serial link to router?s R1 and R3. The two serial links to R2 show incoming messages from router R1 and E3 to R2 as RIP updates. These updates advertise the two directly connected networks that are connected to switches on both router?s R1 and R3. The RIP update from R1 says, ?172.30.1.0/24, 1 hop? and the RIP update from R3 says, ?172.30.100.0/24, 1 hop.? Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts three routers named R1, R2 and R3. They are arranged in a triangular configuration with serial links from R1 to R2 ,R2 to R3 and R3 to R1. The link between router R1 and R2 is passive and is only used when load balancing is required. The RIP updates from all routers cycle between the link between R1 and R3 and R3 and R2. Diagram 3, Image The diagram depicts two routers named R1 and R2 linked via serial link, network address 10.2.0.0 Router R2?s second serial connection linked to R3 by serial port, network address 10.3.0.0. R1 Fa0/0, network address 10.1.0.0, is connected to a LAN. R3?s Fa0/0 port has the network address 10.4.0.0 connected to a LAN The routing tables for each router are listed below: R1 Routing Table Network Interface Hop 10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 0 10.2.9.9 S0/0/0 0 10.3.0.0 S0/0/0 1 10.4.0.0 S0/0/0 2 R2 Routing Table Network Interface Hop 10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 1 10.2.9.9 S0/0/0 0 10.3.0.0 S0/0/0 0 10.4.0.0 S0/0/0 1 R3 Routing Table Network Interface Hop 10.1.0.0 Fa0/0 2 10.2.9.9 S0/0/0 1 10.3.0.0 S0/0/0 0 10.4.0.0 S0/0/0 0 Routing Loop: - R1 sends data packetto 10.4.0.0 network, Packet bounces between R2 and R3 because of incorrect routing table information. Count to Infinity: - Network 10.4.0.0 goes down on R3 - Before R3 can send updates to R3, R2 sends update to R3 - R2 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends and update to R1 - R1 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R3 - R3 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R1 - R1 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R3 - R1 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R1 - R1 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R3 - R3 sends an update to R2 - R2 sends an update to R1 - Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable, exceeds 16 hops Diagram 4, Image The diagram depicts two routers named R1 and R2 and they are linked by serial link, network address 192.168.3.0. Router R1 has a network connected to its Fast Ethernet port, network address 192.168.1.0. Router R2 has a network connected to its Fast Ethernet port, network address 192.168.2.0. Split Horizon: - Update to networks 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.3.0 just received. Only send Update for 192.168.2.0 Hold-down Timer - The R1 router sends an update to R2 and the message contains a hold-down timer that the R2 must hold the update for before releasing it. R2 will not update because the hold down timer has not expired. Diagram 5, Packet Tracer Exploration 5.2.5 ? Verifying RIP 2 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts a man sitting in front of his computer at his desk. The speech bubble appears, ? I want to view the rip updates as they happen.? The output that appears on his screen is listed below: Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Fa0/0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: build update entries Aug 30 04:37:11:115: subnet 172.16.1.0 metric 2 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: subnet 172.16.2.0 metric 1 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: subnet 192.168.1.0 metric 1 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0/0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP building update entries Aug 30 04:37:11:115: subnet 172.16.3.0 metric 1 Aug 30 04:37:11:115:RIP: snding v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial 0/0/0 (172.16.2.1) Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: build update entries Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 172.16.5.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 metric 1, tag 0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: received v1 update from 172.16.2.2 on Serial0/0/0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 172.16.1.0 in 1 hops Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 192.168.1.0 in 1 hops Aug 30 04:37:11:115: RIP: received v2 update from 172.16.2.2 on Serial0/0/0 Aug 30 04:37:11:115:172.16.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops Aug 30 04:37:11:115: 192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops Diagram 2, Packet Tracer Lab 5.3 - Routing Using the EIGRP Protocol 5.3.1 - Limitations of RIP Single Diagram Diagram 1, Animation Animation shows two hosts connected to each other via a chain of 17 routers. The first host sends a packets to the second host, when the hop count on the packet reaches 15 ?When the packet reaches the maximum hop count it is discarded, not forwarded to the next router.? The router where the packet was discarded sends a message back to the sending host saying ?Destination unreachable.? 5.3.2 - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Four Diagrams Diagram 1, Image EIGRP: * Supports VLSM and classless routing * Uses a composite metric * Uses the DUAL algorithm to prevent routing loops * Uses bounded updates for fast convergence * Maintains multiple tables * Forms neighbor adjacencies * Maintains successor and feasible successor routes * Accommodates equal and unequal cost load balancing * Uses multiple packet types for stability and fast convergence * Supports multiple network layer protocols * Uses RTP for Layer 4 support Diagram 2, Tabular Route Source: connected Administrative Distance: 0 Route Source: static Administrative Distance: 1 Route Source: EIGRP summary route Administrative Distance: 5 Route Source: External BGP Administrative Distance: 20 Route Source: Internal EIGRP Administrative Distance: 90 Route Source: IGRP Administrative Distance: 100 Route Source: OSPF Administrative Distance: 110 Route Source: IS-IS Administrative Distance: 115 Route Source: IRP Administrative Distance: 120 Route Source: External EIGRP Administrative Distance: 170 Route Source: Internal BGP Administrative Distance: 200 Diagram 3, Animation Animation shows router R1 connected to network 10.1.0.0 via port Fa0/0. R1 is also connected via S0/0/0 to router R2s S0/0/0 port on network 10.2.0.0. R2 is connected via S0/0/1 to router R3s S0/0/1 port on network 10.3.0.0. R3 is connected via Fa0/0 to a network 10.4.0.0. R1 Routing Table C 10.1.0.0/24 Fa0/0 C 10.2.0.0/24 S0/0/0 D 10.3.0.0/24 S0/0/0 D 10.4.0.0/24 S0/0/0 R2 Routing Table D 10.1.0.0/24 S0/0/0 C 10.2.0.0/24 S0/0/0 C 10.3.0.0/24 S0/0/1 D 10.4.0.0/24 S0/0/0 R3 Routing Table D 10.1.0.0/24 S0/0/1 D 10.2.0.0/24 S0/0/1 C 10.3.0.0/24 S0/0/1 C 10.4.0.0/24 Fa0/0 EIGRP sends a bounded update to alert neighbors that 10.1.0.0 is down. Hello packets continue to maintain neighbor relationships. Diagram 4, Activity Identify the features of the appropriate routing protocol. Match the features to the appropriate routing protocol (RIP or EIGRP). Uses only the hop count metric Maximum limit of 15 hops Has an administrative distance of 120 Broadcast or multicasts updates every 30 seconds Only version 2 supports VLSM and classless routing Uses a composite metric Sends hello packets Maintains multiple tables Maximum limit of 255 hops Forms neighbor adjacencies 5.3.3 - EIGRP Terminology and Tables Four Diagrams Diagram 1, Animation Animation shows router R1 connected to via port Fa0/0. R1 is also connected via S0/0/0 to router R2s S0/0/0 port. R2 is connected via S0/0/1 to router R3s S0/0/1 port. R3 is connected via Fa0/0. Hello packets are sent at regular intervals between EIGRP neighbors to maintain adjacency. R3 stops sending Hello packets to R2. R2 think ?My neighbor has not sent a hello for 15 seconds. My hold timer has expired.? When the whole timer expires R2 thinks ?R3 must be down. R3 is no longer my neighbor. DUAL needs to recalculate routes I learned from R3.? Diagram 2, Image Shows the output of various recorded routes R2#show ip eigrp topology IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(1) /ID(192.168.10.9) Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - reply Status, s - sia Status P 172.16.1.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 20514560 via 172.16.3.1 (20514560/28160), Serial0/0/0 via 192.168.10.10 (21026560/10514432), Serial0/0/1 P 192.168.10.4/30, 2 successors, FD is 21024000 via 192.168.10.10 (21024000/10511872), Serial0/0/1 via 172.16.3.1 (21024000/20512000), Serial0/0/0/1 P 192.168.1.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 20514560 via 192.168.10.10 (20514560/28160), Serial0/0/1 P 192.168.10.8/30, 1 successors, FD is 20512000 via Connected, Serial0/0/1 P 192.168.2.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 28160 via Connected, FastEthernet0/0 P 172.16.3.0/30, 1 successors, FD is 20512000 via Connected, Serial0/0/0 via 192.168.10.10 (21536000/11023872), Serial0/0/1 Route Status Whether the route is stable and ready for use (passive) or being recalculated by DUAL (active) Feasible Distance The lowest calculated metric to the destination. Reported Distance The distance to the destination as reported by a neighbour. Destination Network Address of the destination network. Number of Successors Number of equal cost paths with the lowest metric to the destination. Next hop Address of Successor IP address of the next hop interface. Next hop Address or Feasible Successor IP address of the next hop interface for the feasible successor. Feasible Distance of Feasible Successor The calculate metric to the destination via the feasible successor route. Reported Distance of the Feasible Successor The distance to the destination as reported by a neighbour. Outbound Interfaces Interface that the traffic uses to exit the router towards that destination. Diagram 3, Image Router (R1) is connected to network 172.16.1.0/24 via port Fa0/0 with the address 172.16.1.1/24. R1 is connected via S/0/0/0 with the address 172.16.3.1/30 to port S0/0/0 of router R2 with the address 172.16.3.2/30. R2 is connected to network 192.168.2.0/24 via port Fa0/0 with the address 192.168.2.1/24. R2 is connected via port S0/0/1 with the address 192.168.10.9/30 to S0/0/1 of router R3 with the address 192.168.10.10/30. R3 is connected to network 192.168.1.0/24 via port Fa0/0 with the address 192.168.1.1/24. The EIGRP routing tables for these three routers are as follows: R1 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks D 192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:04:22, Null0 C 192.168.10.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1 D 192.168.10.8/30 [90/21024000] via 172.16.3.2, 00:04:22, Serial0/0/0 172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 3 masks D 172.16.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:040:22, Null0 C 172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, FasthEthernet0/0 C 172.16.3.0/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 D 192.168.1.0/24 [90/20514560] via 192.168.10.6, 00:04:23, Serial0/0/1 D EX 192.168.2.0/24 [170/20514560] via 172.16.3.2, 00:4:23, Serial0/0/0 R2 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 192.168.10.0/24 [90/21024000] via 172.16.3.1, 00:14:48, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.10.8/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1 172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks D 192.168.10.8/30 [90/21514560] via 172.16.3.1, 00:24:10, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.3.0/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 D 192.168.1.0/24 [90/21026560] via 172.16.3.1, 00:19:00, Serial0/0/1 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FasthEthernet0/0 R3 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks D 192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:13:46, Null0 C 192.168.10.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.10.8/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1 D 172.16.0.0/16 [90/20514560] via 192.168.10.5, 00:13:44, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FasthEthernet0/0 D EX 192.168.2.0/24 [170/21026560] via 192.168.10.5, 00:02:11, Serial0/0/0 Diagram 4, Activity Determine which EIGRP table would be the most appropriate to find the specified information. (Neighbour, Topology or Routing?) 1. Interface connected to neighbor device 2. Next hop address for the feasible successor 3. Amount of time since an adjacency was established 4. State that DUAL has calculated the route 5. IP address of neighbor devices 6. The successors advertised distance 7. The route was learned from an external routing process 8. The administrative distance associated with the route 5.3.4 - EIGRP Neighbors and Adjacencies Five Diagrams Diagram 1, Image R1, R2 and R3 are connected in a triangular topology. R1 sends a hello packet to R2. R3 sends a hello packet to R1. R3 sends a hello packet to R2. A table contains the following information: Bandwidth: 1.544 Mbps Example Link: Multiple Piont frame relay Hello Interval: 60 seconds Default Hold Time: 180 seconds Bandwidth: Greater than 1.544 Mbps Example Link: T1, Ethernet Hello Interval: 5 seconds Default Hold Time: 15 seconds Diagram 2, Image R1, R2 and R3 are connected in a triangular topology. R2 sends an update to R1, R1 sends an ack to R2. R3 sends a query to R2 and R2 sends a reply to R3. R3 sends a hello to R1. Information on each packet is detailed below. Update If new neighbour found ? unicast To indicate routing change - multicast Acknowledgement Unicast hello packets with not data Response to reliable packet transfer, update, request, reply Query To request specific info about a neighbour or multicast looking for new successor Can be multicast or unicast Reply Response to a query Always a unicast Hello Discover and verify neighbours Discover timer values Multicast 224.0.0.10 Unreliable transfer method Diagram 3, Animation R1, R2 and R3 are connected in a triangular topology. R2 sends an update alerting its neighbours that a network is down. R1 and R2 respond with an acknowledgement. R2 sends a request asking for another route to the network that is down. R1 and R3 acknowledge the request and then reply that there is no other known route. The network remains unreachable Diagram 4, Image Image shows Neighbour Table-Apple Talk, Neighbour Table-IPX and Neighbour Table-IP all of which show neighbour adjacency information. Image also shows Topology Table-Apple Talk, Topology Table-IPX and Topology-IP all of which list every router to every destination. Lastly the image shows Routing Table-Apple Talk, Routing Table-IPX and Routing Table-IP all of these tables show successor routes. Diagram 5, Activity Match the output requirements with the appropriate command A: Sent to neighbours when DUAL places route in active state. B: Used to give DUAL information about the destination network. C: Used to form neighbor adjacencies. D: Indicates receipt of a packet when RTP is used. E: Unicasts information about the network to a new neighbour. Options: 1: Hello Packet 2: Update Packet Query Packet 3: Reply Packet 4: Acknowledgement Packet 5.3.5 - EIGRP Metrics and Convergence Four Diagrams Diagram 1, Image Router (R1) is connected to network 172.16.1.16/28 via port Fa0/0 with the address 172.16.1.17/24. R1 is connected via S/0/0/0 with the address 172.16.3.1/30 to port S0/0/0 of router R2 with the address 172.16.3.2/30. R2 is connected to network 172.16.2.0/24 via port Fa0/0 with the address 172.16.2.1/24. R2 is connected via port S0/0/1 with the address 192.168.10.9/30 to S0/0/1 of router R3 with the address 192.168.10.10/30. R3 is connected to network 192.168.1.0/24 via port Fa0/0 with the address 192.168.1.1/24. R3 is connected via S0/0/1 with the address 192.168.10.6/30 to R1s S0/0/1 port with the address 192.168.10.5/30/ R2 is connected to the ISP on the network 10.1.1.0/3. Highlighted from the console output is the line containing ?BW 64 Kbit? R1#show int s0/0/0 Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Internet address is 172.16.3.1/30 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit , DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 R1#show ip protocol Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1" Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=O EIGRP maximum hopcount 100 A more info text box contains ?IGRP uses these scaled values to determine the total metric cost to the network: metric = [K1 * bandwidth + (K2 * bandwidth) / (256 - load) + K3 * delay] * [K5 / (reliability + K4)]? Diagram 2, Tabular Table of delays for various media Media: 100M ATM Delay: 100 ?S Media: Fast Ethernet Delay: 100 ?S Media: FDDI Delay: 100 ?S Media: IHSSI Delay: 20,000 ?S Media: 16M Token Ring Delay: 630 ?S Media: Ethernet Delay: 1000 ?S Media: T1(Serial Default) Delay: 20,000 ?S Media: 512K Delay: 20,000 ?S Media: DSO Delay: 20,000 ?S Media: 56K Delay: 20,000 ?S Media: Internal BGP Delay: 200 ?S Note: ?S = namoseconds Diagram 3, Image R1 is connected to R2 with a serial link that has a cost of 10. R2 is connected to Network Z with a serial link and has an AD of 5. R1 is also connected to R3 with a Fast Ethernet connection with a cost of 14. R3 is connected to Network Z with a serial link and has an AD of 6. Lastly R1 is connected to R4 with a serial link that has a cost of 10. R4 is connected to Network Z with a serial link and has an AD of 5. R1 EIGRP Topology Table: R2 is successor to Network Z, FD = 15, AD = 5 R3 is feasible successor to Network Z, FD = 20, AD = 6 R4 is successor to Network Z, FD = 15, AD = 5 Feasible Distance (FD): The minimum distance (metric) along a path from the router to a destination network. D 192.168.1.0/24 [90/3014400] via 192.168.10.10, 00:00:31, Serial0/0/1 Advertised Distance (AD) or Reported Distance (RD): The distance (metric) towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbour, the neighbour routers distance. A more info text box contains the text ?In an EIGRP routing table entry, the word via precedes the address of the successor. The feasible distance is the metric listed after the administrative distance of 90. In the entry below, the best path to the 192.168.1.0/24 network is through the next-hop successor's interface 192.168.10.10, and that the feasible distance is 3014400: Diagram 4, Activity Examine the network diagram and answer questions about the feasible distance (FD), advertised distance (AD), and the successor route for specified routes. Network A is connected to R1 and has a cost of 1. Network B is connected to R2. R1 is connected to R2. R2 is connected to R4 and has a cost of 1. R3 is connected to R2 with a cost of 2. R3 is also connected to R4 with a cost of 2. R5 is connected to R4 with a cost of 1. R5 is also connected to R3 with a cost 2. 1. What is the feasible distance to network A from R5 via R3? 1 2 5 6 2. What is the advertised distance to network A from R5 via R3? 1 2 3 4 3. What is the feasible distance to network A from R5 via R4? 2 3 5 6 4. What is the advertised distance to network A from R5 via R4? 2 3 5 6 5. What is the successor router from R5 to get to network A? Via R3 Via R4 6. What is the feasible distance to network B from R4 via R5? 1 2 5 6 5.4 ? Implementing EIGRP 5.4.1 ? Configuring EIGRP 4 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts 8 routers configured in two diamond topology linked by one router to each diamond. The commands issues to configure EIGRP are listed below: Step 1 R1(config)# router eigrp <1-65535> Autonomous System number R1(config)# router eigrp 1 Step 2 R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 A mre info text box contains the text ?The process ID references an instance of the EIGRP protocol running in a router. If there wre two instances of EIGRP running on the same router at the same time, the process ID or instance number, would separate and identify each individual process.? Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts 3 routers connected to each other by serial links and arranged in a triangular topology. The commands for each router are listed below: R1 Router R1(config)# router eigrp 1 R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 R1(config-router)# exit R2 Router R2(config)# router eigrp 1 R2(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 R2(config-router)# *Mar 1 07:05:56.457: **Dual -5-NBRCHANGE: IP ?EIGRP(0)1 Neighbor 172.16.3.1 (Serial 0/0/0) is up: new adhjacency R2(config-router)# network 192.158.8.0 0.0.0.3 R3 Router R3(config)# router eigrp 1 R3(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 R3(config-router)# 192.168.10.5 (Serial 0/0) is up new adjacency 192.168.10.9 (Serial 0/1) is up new adjanceny R3(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 Diagram 3, Image The diagram depicts two routers named R1 and R2 and they are connected via serial link, network address 192.168.1.0/24. R1 has a network connected to its Fast Ethernet port, network address 192.168.2.0/24 and R2 has a network connected to its Fast Ethernet port, network address 192.168.3.0/24. Each router has the ?show running-config? command issued and the output is listed. You will encounter the output of this command with EIGRP implemented in future labs. A more info Text box contains the text: ?Optional parameters can be configured as part of the keychain. Optional parameters include the date when the key is required and the lifetime of the key or end date of the key. To configure the optional parameters, you must be in the key configuration mode. * accept-lifetime start-time {infinite | end-time | duration seconds} o Specifies when the key is accepted for received packets o Start time is generally shown in hh:mm:ss month date years * send-lifetime start-time {infinite | end-time | duration seconds} o Specifies when the key can be used for sending packets Diagram 4, Hands On Lab 5.4.2 ? EIGRP Route Summarization 4 Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts three routers, R1, R2 and R3 in a triangular topology with serial links between all three router serial ports. The serial link between R1 and R2 is on network address 172.16.3.0/30 at 64Kbps. The serial link between R1 and R3 is on network address 192.168.10.4/30 at 1544Kbps. The serial link between R2 and R3 on network address 192.168.10.8/30 at 1024Kbps. All three routers have networks connected to thier FastEthernet ports and the network addresses for these networks are as follows, 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. The ?show ip route? command is issued and the corresponding output is displayed: R1# show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted 3 subnets and 2 masks D 192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:45:09, Null0 C 192.168.10.4/30 is directly connected, Serial 0/0/0 S 192.168.10.8/30 [90/3523840] via 192.168.10.6, 00:44:56, Serial 0/0/1 172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets and 3 masks D 172.16.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:46:10, Null0 C 172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet 0/0 D 172.16.2.0/24 [90/40514560] via 172.16.3.2, 00:45:09, Serial 0/0/0 C 172.16.3.0/24 is directly connected to Serial 0/0/0 D 192.168.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.6, 00:44:55, Serial 0/0/1 Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts 3 routers named R1, R2 and R3. R3 has both its Serial Interfaces connected to R1 and R2. The network addresses for these links is as follows, R3 to R1 = 192.168.0.0/22 and R3 to R2 = 192.168.0.0/22. R3 has its four FastEthernet ports connected to networks - Fa0/0: 192.168.3.0/24 Fa0/1: 192.168.2.0/24 Fa0/2: 192.168.1.0/24 Fa0/3: 192.168.0.0/24 The output to the screen for route summarization by individual interfaces is as below: R3(config)# interface serial 0/0/0 R3(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.0.0 255.255.252.0 R3(config-if)# interface serial 0/0/1 R3(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 192.168.0.0 255.255.252.0 Diagram 3, Packet Tracer Exercise Diagram 4, Hands on Lab 5.4.3 ? Verifying EIGRP Operation Four Diagrams Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts three routers named R1, R2 and R3 and they are configured in a triangular topology with serial links between all three router serial ports. The serial link between R1 and R2 uses the network address 172.16.3.0/30 and this is a 64Kbps link. The serial link between R1 and R3 is on network address 192.168.10.4/30 and this is a 1544Kbps link. The serial link between R2 and R3, network address 192.168.10.8/30 and this is a 1024Kbps link. All three routers have networks connected to FastEthernet ports and the network addresses for these are as follows, 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. The commands listed below will be available for output testing in future labs. Once EIGRP has been implemented, the commands listed below will reflect the addition of EIGRP. ***show ip protocols*** ***show ip eigrp topology*** ***show ip route*** ***show ip eigrp interface detail*** ***show ip eigrp neighbors detail*** ***show ip eigrp traffic*** Diagram 2, Image The diagram depicts the output for the commands ?debug eigrp packet? and ?debug eigrp fsm.? The output of these two commands can be examined in detail when the EIGRP protocol is implemented in future labs. Diagram 3, Activity Match the output requirements with the appropriate command. Command A: Debug eigrp packet B: Debug eigrp fsm C: Debug ip eigrp neighbors details D: Show ip eigrp topology E: Show ip eigrp interfaces details F: Show ip eigrp traffic Requirements 1: Verifies adjacencies 2: Displays successful and feasible successors 3: Show transmission and receipt of EIGRP packets 4: Verifies the interface that are using EIGRP 5: Shows feasible successor activity 6: Show the number and types of EIGRP packets sent and received Diagrams 4, Packet Tracer Lab Exercise 5.4.4 ? Issues and Limitations of EIGRP 1 Diagram Diagram 1, Image The diagram depicts several network environments geographically located around the city and across the world. These separate networks form part of the larger network shown as a cloud to which they are all connected. Situated on the outside of these corporate networks are single tele-commuters. A network administrator is sitting on the outside of this large network of networks and he is asking himself the question, ? What can I do to make EIGRP run better?? 5.5 ? Chapter Summary 5.5.1 ? Summary One Diagram Diagram 1, Slideshow Summary Slide 1 * Enterprise networks are hierarchical in order to facilitate the flow of information. * Different topologies exist in enterprise networks including star, extended star, and mesh. * Networks use both static and dynamic routing to move information. * Static routes are manually configured and enhance network security and reduce the burden on routers. * Dynamic routes are learned and exchanged through routing protocols, and automate the tasks of providing the best route to a destination. * A default route forwards information that has no route in the routing table. Slide 2 1. Dynamic routing protocols are classified as either distance vector or link state. 2. RIP is a distance vector routing protocols. 3. RIPv1 broadcasts the entire routing table to connected routers every 30 seconds. 4. RIPv2 multicasts its routing table. 5. RIP is very easy to configure and manage but does not scale well and is slow to converge. 6. Distance vector routing protocols are prone to the formation of routing loops. The picture depicts hop count, and distance between Routes Slide 3 * EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol with many advanced features. * It is fast to converge and uses a composite metric for more reliable routing information * EIGRP multicasts only partial bounded updates using less bandwidth. * RIPv2 multicasts its routing table to 224.0.0.9 every 30 seconds. * Routing loops are prevented by using the DUAL algorithm. * EIGRP uses multiple packet types maintain the neighbor, topology and routing tables. * EIGRP maintains information on both successors and feasible successors allowing it to rapidly recover if a route goes down. The picture outlines the various techniques that EIGRP incorporates including: Supports VLSM and classless routing. Uses a composite metric Uses the DUAL algorithm to prevent routing loops Uses bounded updates for fast convergence. Maintains multiple tables Forms neighbor adjacencies Maintains successor and feasible successor routes. Accommodates equal and unequal cost load balancing Uses multiple packet types for stability and fast convergence. Supports multiple network layer protocols Uses RTP for Layer 4 support Slide 4 * EIGRP uses autonomous systems, which are process IDs. * EIGRP supports both equal and unequal cost load balancing. * EIGRP automatically summarizes routes; however this feature can be turned off and instead done manually for better control of routing. * EIGRP easy to configure but difficult to maintain and optimize. 5.5.2 ? Critical Thinking One Diagram Diagram 1, Activity Critical Thinking Answer the questions based on the following exhibit. Exhibit Five Routers (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5) Lan 2 is connected to R1 with a metric of 1 R1 is connected to R2 with metric 3 R2 is connected to R4 with metric 1 R2 is connected to R3 with metric 2 R3 is connected to R4 with metric 1 R3 is connected to R5 with metric 1 R4 is connected to R5 with metric 3 R4 is connected to LAN1 with metric 1 1. What is the advertised distance to LAN1 from R2 via R4? 1 2 3 4 2. What is the feasible distance to LAN2 from R3 via R2? 2 3 4 5 6 3. What is the feasible distance to LAN2 fro mR5 cia R4? 3 4 5 6 7 8 4. What is the advertised distance to LAN1 from R5 via R4? 1 2 3 4 5. What is the best route to take to reach LAN2 from R4? R4-R2-R1 R3-R2-R1 R4-R3-R2-R1 R3-R4-R2-R1